Digital Government Legislation

The adoption of electronic identification (eID) is a cornerstone of digital transformation efforts, facilitating secure access to government and private-sector services and enhancing user confidence in digital transactions. Saudi Arabia's National Digital Identity System, operational since 2008, has revolutionized identity management by providing citizens and residents with trusted digital identities. Developed and managed by the National Information Center (NIC), this system offers seamless integration with over 6,000 government and private services, aligning with Saudi Vision 2030's objective of fostering an innovative and inclusive digital society.

Saudi Arabia's approach to eID is underpinned by a robust set of policies and strategies designed to ensure the widespread adoption of digital identity services. As part of the Digital Government Strategy, strategic objective 5.2 aims to achieve universal uptake of a national digital identity, emphasizing trust and security in digital interactions. To operationalize this, the government has set out specific initiatives like Initiative 5.2A, which focuses on making digital identity and associated trust services accessible to all citizens and residents. The policies also align with the broader national vision, which promotes digital transformation as a key enabler of innovation, improved governance, and enhanced public service delivery. 

The legal and regulatory framework surrounding eID in Saudi Arabia is grounded in several key pieces of legislation:

• The Civil Affairs Law mandates all citizens and residents aged 15 and over to have a valid National Identity Card (ID), which is embedded with biometric data and digital signatures. This ID is a central element of the national eID system and is used for authentication across government and private sector services.
• The Electronic Transactions Law and its implementing regulations provide the legal foundation for the use of electronic signatures and identification in digital transactions, ensuring their legal validity and enforceability. This law specifies that electronic transactions, records, and signatures are binding, provided they comply with the conditions outlined in the law. 

As a result, eID can be used as reliable proof of identity in both governmental and private sector interactions, ensuring the integrity and security of electronic transactions.

The Saudi National Digital Identity Management initiative, led by the NIC, aims to issue and manage secure digital identities for citizens and residents, mirroring physical identity systems. Managing the personal identities of approximately 60 million users, the platform offers:

• Self-Service Registration and Credentials Management,
• Online Identification and Authentication,
• PKI Signing and Validation for online transactions,
• User Identity Validation and Provisioning,
• Automated Federation based on authentication levels,
• Online Service Providers Onboarding and
• Physical ID Post-Issuance.

This system establishes a secure, reliable platform that enhances trust in online services in Saudi Arabia. This integrated system ensures a secure and reliable digital identity platform, complementing the existing National Single Sign-On (SSO) and mobile applications like Nafath.

National Single Sign-On (SSO) System

The National Single Sign-On (SSO) System is a foundational component of Saudi Arabia's eID infrastructure. It enables users to authenticate once and access over 6,000 government and private sector services like banking and telecom through a single login. 

The SSO simplifies access, enhances user convenience, and ensures security by verifying identity through a centralized system. SSO allows users to authenticate once and gain access to all services they are entitled to, eliminating the need for multiple logins and enhancing convenience. The integration of SSO across government portals means that individuals only need to remember one set of credentials, reducing the burden on users and improving the overall user experience. Importantly, SSO is not only crucial for improving user access but also for ensuring the security and integrity of digital interactions.

Nafath eID Mobile Application

As part of the eID ecosystem, the Nafath mobile application (available on iOS, Android, and Huawei) enables users to create their digital identity securely via smartphones. This integration enhances user experience and accessibility, ensuring that individuals can authenticate their identity anytime and from anywhere. The system is also supported by the 'Absher individuals' application, which allows users to store and digitalize key identity documents, including national IDs, residency permits, driving licenses, and vehicle registrations. This infrastructure is designed to enhance security, simplify public service access, and reduce reliance on physical documentation.

National Information Center (NIC) 

The successful implementation and ongoing operation of the eID infrastructure in Saudi Arabia is overseen by several key institutions. The NIC plays a pivotal role in developing and managing the National Single Sign-On system and ensuring its integration with various government services.

Other institutions

The Ministry of Interior, through the Civil Affairs Department, is responsible for issuing the National ID cards and ensuring compliance with the Civil Affairs Law. Additionally, the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (MCIT) is central to the development and promotion of digital government strategies, including the widespread adoption of eID. Other important institutions include the Saudi Central Bank, which works with financial institutions to extend the use of eID in banking services, and the Ministry of Finance, which supports the legal and regulatory aspects of electronic transactions. Together, these institutions form a coordinated effort to ensure the successful deployment, management, and security of the national eID infrastructure, contributing to the country's broader goals of digital transformation.

The implementation of electronic signatures and trust services in Saudi Arabia underpins the Kingdom's broader digital transformation strategy, providing a secure, legally recognized mechanism for digital transactions. This initiative facilitates trust in digital interactions across sectors, reduces dependency on paper-based systems, and supports Vision 2030 objectives of a thriving digital economy. These services are enabled through the Saudi National Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), managed by the National Information Center (NIC), and regulated by the Digital Government Authority (DGA).

Saudi Arabia's policies for electronic signatures and trust services focus on creating a high-assurance environment for digital trust. The Saudi National PKI Policy, aligned with international standards such as the CA/Browser Forum Baseline Requirements, defines stringent guidelines for managing digital certificates. The Digital Government Strategy emphasizes secure digital interactions, leveraging PKI to ensure trustworthiness in electronic communication, authentication, and data exchange. NIC oversees the implementation, ensuring adherence to policies designed to build robust trust in e-government and e-commerce services.

The Electronic Transactions Law and the Saudi National PKI Certificate Policy establish the legal foundation for electronic signatures and trust services. These frameworks ensure that electronic signatures are legally recognized and can be used for a wide range of electronic transactions, including contracts and e-commerce. The law mandates that electronic signatures meet certain technical and security standards to ensure their validity, providing the legal basis for their use in official and commercial transactions. Additionally, the law supports the establishment of a robust Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), which is integral to ensuring the security and authenticity of electronic signatures. The DGA licenses Certification Authorities (CAs) and regulates their operations, while NIC enforces compliance with PKI policies. Additionally, cross-certification policies ensure interoperability with international PKI systems, enhancing global trust in Saudi-issued digital certificates.

The implementation of electronic signatures is supported by the National PKI, which is managed by the NIC. The PKI serves as the backbone for secure electronic transactions by providing a system for issuing, managing, and validating electronic certificates and signatures. This infrastructure includes a network of CAs, which are responsible for issuing and managing digital certificates used for electronic signatures. The digital certificates ensure the authenticity of the signatory's identity and the integrity of the electronic document or transaction. 

The system allows for the secure exchange of information across government, business, and individual platforms. The NIC operates the PKI system, ensuring that digital certificates meet national security and technical standards. Saudi Arabia's certification system is designed to support a wide range of electronic interactions, including e-government services, financial transactions, and digital contracts. The framework also includes stringent measures to prevent fraud and ensure the privacy and security of users' digital signatures. Through this infrastructure, Saudi Arabia has created a trusted environment for the use of electronic signatures, fostering the growth of e-commerce and digital government services.

The institutional roles for managing electronic signatures and trust services are as follows:

• Digital Government Authority (DGA): Regulates and licenses Certification Authorities, ensuring compliance with legal and policy frameworks.
• National Information Center (NIC): Operates the Saudi National PKI, manages Root-CA operations, and enforces the Saudi National PKI Policy.
• Certification Authorities (CAs): Issue certificates in compliance with PKI standards and agreements. Both government and commercial CAs operate under the Saudi National Root-CA.
• Registration Authorities (RAs): Validate identities and support certificate issuance under the supervision of NIC.

Collaborative governance and adherence to these frameworks ensure the integrity and reliability of electronic trust services, positioning Saudi Arabia as a leader in digital governance.

E-payments are central to Saudi Arabia's digital economy, driving economic growth, enhancing financial inclusivity, and supporting the Kingdom's Vision 2030 goal of achieving a cashless society. By adopting advanced digital payment systems, the Kingdom has transitioned from a cash-dominated economy to one where over 70% of transactions are electronic. These systems, including Sadad, Mada, and Saree', have facilitated secure, efficient payment processes and bolstered consumer and business confidence in the digital economy.

The legal framework for e-payments is guided by the Saudi Central Bank (SAMA) and the Ministry of Finance. The Law of Payments and Payment Services and its Implementing Regulations govern electronic payment systems, ensuring their security and reliability. Regulations ensure data privacy, cybersecurity, and interoperability, enabling seamless payments within and beyond Saudi Arabia. 

SAMA also introduced the E-Wallets Rules, which set regulatory standards for licensed Electronic Money Institutions (EMIs). These rules address opening e-wallets, verifying client identities, and managing inactive wallets, aiming to protect users while enhancing the stability and safety of the e-payment sector.

Saudi Arabia's advanced payment infrastructure includes platforms like:

• Online bill payments system Sadad: Enables utility payments, taxes, and government fees.
• Instant Payment System "SARIE": Facilitates instant fund transfers to reduce financial risks.
• National card payment System Mada: Supports ATM, POS, and online payments, including mobile applications like Mada Pay.
• Financial Services Platform Etimad: Integrating e-Invoice as part of the procurement process and facilitating payments from government entities to the private sector.

The Kingdom also leads in mobile wallet adoption, with solutions like STC Pay and Apple Pay enhancing accessibility and consumer convenience. Digital wallets and e-payment portals like Amazon Payment and Moyasar integrate cutting-edge technologies to support the nation's growing e-commerce and remittance needs.

The SAMA oversees the e-payment ecosystem, ensuring compliance and innovation in the financial sector. The Ministry of Finance facilitates government payment systems like Etimad and Sarf, enabling efficient public and private sector transaction processing. Additionally, under SAMA's strategy, fintech initiatives aim to triple the number of firms by 2025, further empowering digital payment capabilities and expanding access to global markets.

Electronic Notifications (e-Notifications) are a core component of Saudi Arabia's digital government strategy, designed to deliver secure, efficient, and real-time communication between government entities and individuals. Integrated across service platforms such as Tawakkalna, Absher, Etimad, Sehhaty, and Muqeem, these notifications ensure timely updates, reminders, and alerts, enhancing accessibility and improving citizen engagement. E-Notifications align with Vision 2030's goal of establishing a transparent, citizen-centric, and technologically advanced government.

The national e-Notification ecosystem operates as a decentralized system embedded in individual government platforms, offering the following features:

• Decentralized Integration: Platforms like Tawakkalna (health and public safety), Absher (citizen services), Etimad (financial transactions), and Sehhaty (healthcare) manage notifications tailored to their functions.
• Real-Time Push Notifications: Government alerts are instantly delivered via mobile apps, SMS, or email, ensuring prompt and actionable communication.
• Government Emergency Alerts: The system provides emergency notifications using cellular broadcasts and push alerts, ensuring public safety during crises. This is managed by entities such as the General Directorate of Civil Defense and supported by the National Early Warning Platform.
• User-Centric Design: Personalized notifications minimize information overload by delivering content relevant to individual users.
• Secure and Compliant Communication: All notifications adhere to cybersecurity and privacy laws, including the Personal Data Protection Law, ensuring safe and transparent communication.

The e-Notification infrastructure functions as a decentralized feature within government platforms, seamlessly integrating into their workflows. Notifications are tailored to service offerings, such as health updates, document renewals, or financial approvals, and delivered through appropriate channels. Platforms like Tawakkalna, Absher, and Sehhaty exemplify this integration, enhancing the user experience and ensuring relevant information reaches citizens efficiently.

National Early Warning Platform

The General Directorate of Civil Defense manages the National Early Warning Platform, which broadcasts emergency messages via cellular networks. These alerts inform residents about potential dangers and provide protective guidance. Notifications are accompanied by a distinctive tone, ensuring immediate attention even when devices are in silent mode. The platform also supports subscription-based updates for a variety of emergency warnings, including:

• Environmental disasters
• Radiological emergencies
• Hostile attacks and sabotage
• Natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, and volcanoes
• Climate-related hazards

This system plays a critical role in maintaining public safety by providing timely and actionable information during emergencies. Additionally, the platform supports subscription-based updates for early warnings.

Weather Early Warning System

The National Center for Meteorology (NCM) manages the Weather Early Warning System, which issues alerts for severe weather events to safeguard civilians and enhance preparedness. Notifications cover:

• Thunderstorms, hurricanes, and tornadoes
• Floods, extreme heat, and heavy snowfall
• Other severe climatic events

Alerts are categorized into three precaution levels: Red, Orange, and Yellow, indicating varying levels of urgency and risk. This system also enables citizens to subscribe for regular updates about early warnings.

Anwaa Mobile Application

As part of the Weather Early Warning System, NCM offers the Anwaa mobile application, available for iOS and Android. The app provides:

• Real-time Alerts: Immediate notifications about weather conditions.
• Advanced Analytics: Detailed climate data and predictions.
• Personalized Forecasts: Daily forecasts tailored to user preferences and locations.
• Weather Maps: Interactive tools for monitoring weather patterns.

This comprehensive system ensures individuals and communities are equipped with the information needed to mitigate risks associated with severe weather events.

Electronic invoicing (e-invoicing) transforms financial transactions in Saudi Arabia by converting paper-based processes into streamlined, digital ones. Through structured formats for invoices, credit notes, and debit notes, e-invoicing fosters transparency, enhances efficiency, and aligns with global standards. This initiative supports the Kingdom's Vision 2030 goal of advancing a modern, cashless economy and simplifying tax compliance for businesses and consumers.

E-invoicing is regulated by the Zakat, Tax, and Customs Authority (ZATCA). The E-Invoicing Regulation, effective since December 2020, mandates all taxpayers (except non-resident taxpayers) to issue electronic invoices compliant with ZATCA guidelines (business to business).

• Phase One (Generation): Started December 4, 2021, requiring compliant e-invoice solutions.
• Phase Two (Integration): Began January 1, 2023, requiring system integration with ZATCA for companies with annual VAT revenues exceeding SAR 30 million, gradually expanding to all relevant businesses by August 2025.

ZATCA has also adopted Controls, Requirements, Technical Specifications, and Procedural Rules for e-invoicing, ensuring secure, standardized implementation nationwide.

The e-invoicing infrastructure relies on advanced digital solutions to manage invoice generation and integration:

• Structured Formats: Ensures invoices meet technical and security standards.
• Fatoora Platform: Supports onboarding and integration for taxpayers.
• Guidelines and Tools: Detailed technical and procedural requirements for taxpayers and developers, enabling seamless compliance.

Key tools include the E-Invoicing Detailed Guidelines, Fatoora Portal Use Manual, E-Invoicing Detailed Technical Guide, and the Developer Portal Manual, which outline system specifications and integration methods.

The Fatoora Platform is a centralized system developed by ZATCA to streamline the implementation and management of electronic invoicing (e-invoicing) in Saudi Arabia. It supports taxpayers in onboarding, integrating compliant invoicing solutions, and ensuring adherence to the E-Invoicing Regulation. The platform provides tools for generating, verifying, and storing electronic invoices in a structured format. Additionally, it offers features like real-time integration with ZATCA's systems, ensuring transparency and compliance with tax regulations.

The implementation of e-invoicing is led by ZATCA, which oversees compliance, technical support, and updates to the regulatory framework. ZATCA collaborates with businesses and e-invoicing solution providers to ensure smooth onboarding, adherence to VAT laws, and enhanced operational efficiency. Through initiatives like the Fatoora Platform, ZATCA facilitates transparency and efficiency, making Saudi Arabia a leader in e-invoicing adoption.

For more information about the e-invoicing system in Saudi Arabia, please visit the ZATCA's website.

Saudi Arabia is committed to advancing its telecommunications and ICT sectors as fundamental enablers of digital transformation and economic development. Through regulatory frameworks and strategic initiatives, the government ensures the provision of secure, reliable, and innovative communication services that support individuals and businesses.

The Telecommunications Act serves as the cornerstone of Saudi Arabia's efforts to develop and regulate the ICT sector. Its primary aim is to enhance the efficiency and quality of ICT services while fostering the development of robust digital infrastructure across the Kingdom. The Act is pivotal in promoting digital transformation and encouraging the widespread adoption of ICT services in various societal and economic sectors.

In addition to strengthening infrastructure, the Act stimulates innovation, entrepreneurship, and research and technical development within the ICT sector. It supports the growth of emerging technologies and sub-sectors by facilitating the introduction of new ICT services that meet the evolving needs of users.

A core focus of the Telecommunications Act is to protect users and safeguard their interests. It ensures that users have access to secure and reliable ICT services, protects against malicious content, and upholds the confidentiality of communications, thereby increasing user confidence in digital services.

For more information, please visit the websites of the Ministry of Communications and Information (MCIT) or the Communications, Space & Technology Commission (CST).

The E-Commerce Law and its Implementing Regulations aim to strengthen confidence in electronic transactions and protect consumers against fraud and misinformation. By regulating commercial transactions between e-commerce businesses and consumers, the law plays a pivotal role in boosting and developing e-commerce activities across the country.

The law applies to businesses established in Saudi Arabia that operate e-commerce platforms or online marketplaces selling goods or services to consumers (referred to as Traders). It also applies to businesses established outside of Saudi Arabia that provide goods or services to consumers within the Kingdom via e-commerce platforms (referred to as Practitioners).

The E-Commerce Law defines the scope of commercial activities, outlines key website terms and conditions, and regulates digital advertisements. It establishes clear provisions regarding data protection, intellectual property, and consumer rights, including obligations related to payments and penalties for violations. The framework contributes to building a transparent, secure, and trustworthy digital commercial environment.

For more information, please visit the Ministry of Commerce website.

The Government Tenders and Procurement Law and its Implementing Regulations regulate all government tendering and procurement processes in the country. It aims to safeguard public funds and prevent personal interests from influencing procurement decisions, ensuring a fair and transparent process.

The law is designed to achieve economic self-sufficiency in government procurement by securing purchases and completing government projects at fair and competitive prices. It promotes integrity, transparency, and competitiveness, ensuring that contractors and suppliers are treated equitably and provided with equal opportunities.

Central to the implementation of this law is the Etimad Portal, Saudi Arabia's unified electronic procurement system. The portal consolidates and facilitates all government procurement processes across sectors, streamlining operations and increasing efficiency. It enables government entities to manage procurement procedures electronically, from tendering and bidding to contract awarding and payments.

For more information, please visit the Ministry of Finance website or the Etimad Portal.

Saudi Arabia's government budget process requires rigorous legislative and regulatory oversight. Governed by the Basic Statute of Governance, Annual laws for budget approvals, and the Government Tenders and Procurement Law, the framework requires government entities to apply the principles of budgetary governance. This includes ensuring that budget documents are open, transparent, and accessible to the public.

All government entities are obligated to submit quarterly and annual financial reports to the Ministry of Finance. In turn, the Ministry is responsible for publishing quarterly financial performance reports, which detail the execution of the budget, and the final annual account summaries, which provide a comprehensive overview of revenues and expenditures. These reports are publicly available through the Ministry's Budget Statements and Annual Budget Performance Reports.

The Etimad Portal also plays an important role in promoting transparency and improving the efficiency of government expenditure. It is a central platform for procurement transactions, providing access to various users, including government entities, supervisory bodies, contractors, suppliers, and vendors. All government entities must use the portal to procure services, goods, works, and the processing of payments, ensuring transparency and accountability in public spending.

For more information, please visit the Ministry of Finance website or the Etimad Portal.